China has pledged to loosen its one-child policy and end a controversial "re-education through labour" programme, state media reported on Friday, days after the conclusion of a meeting of top Communist party leaders in Beijing.
Under the new policy, couples in which one member is an only child will be allowed to have two children, according to China's state newswire Xinhua; currently, couples can only have two children if both members are only children themselves.
China will also end its controversial re-education through labour programme, a system of administrative, extralegal detentions which can send people to prison for four years without conviction. Activists and human rights groups have long criticised the system as giving authorities the power to detain critics and opponents without due process. Details of the two policy shifts and timelines for their implementation are still unclear.
The reforms were decided at the Communist party's third plenum, four days of closed-door meetings among about 400 top party leaders, intended to design a blueprint for China's development over the coming decade.
The controvercial one-child policy, introduced in 1979 to keep population growth in check, has been gradually relaxed in recent years. While most Chinese people are still only allowed to have one child, some groups, including ethnic minorities and disabled people, are allowed to have two.
The policy change "should lead to a significant reduction in the abuse of human rights, in terms of forced termination", said Steve Tsang, a professor of Chinese studies at the University of Nottingham. "This is still a very, very, very big issue, and it is one of the most regular abuses of human rights that happens in China."
Tsang said China's unwillingness to abolish the policy altogether suggested it was more concerned with the economic, rather than human cost. "Until now, the growth of the Chinese economy has been propelled by a demographic surplus, and that has been turning into a demographic deficit," he said.
Xinhua said the re-education through labour system would be abolished "as part of efforts to improve human rights and judicial practices".
The Communist party established its re-education through labour system in 1957 under Mao Zedong, to penalise "counter-revolutionaries" outside of judicial channels. But more recently, local police use it to extralegally detain petty criminals, such as thieves and prostitutes, as well as political dissidents and members of banned religious groups. Detentions may last up to four years, and while there are no official statistics, as many as 2 million people could be in detention at any given time.
Other, less dramatic reforms emerged during the plenum, including promises to explore ways of setting up an intellectual property court, reduce the number of crimes subject to the death penalty "step by step", and "build a more impartial, sustainable social security system, with an improved housing guarantee mechanism".
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